Prototype & Prototypal Inheritance

What will the console log?

function Shape() {}
Shape.prototype.area = function() { return 0; };

const shape = new Shape();
console.log(Object.hasOwn(shape, 'area'));
console.log('area' in shape);

true, true
false, true
The console will log false, true because: 1) Object.hasOwn(shape, 'area') checks if 'area' is an own property of shape (not inherited), which is false since area is on the prototype, 2) 'area' in shape checks if the property is accessible through the object or its prototype chain, which is true, 3) This demonstrates the distinction between own properties and inherited properties, 4) Object.hasOwn() is the modern replacement for object.hasOwnProperty(), 5) The 'in' operator always checks the entire prototype chain, 6) This behavior is fundamental to property lookup mechanics in JavaScript's prototypal inheritance system.
true, false
false, false

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