Factory Functions & Singleton Pattern

Which information hiding pattern does this stack implementation use?

function createStack() {
  const items = [];
  
  return {
    push(item) {
      items.push(item);
    },
    pop() {
      return items.pop();
    },
    peek() {
      return items[items.length - 1];
    },
    isEmpty() {
      return items.length === 0;
    },
    size() {
      return items.length;
    }
  };
}

Data structure implementation
Information hiding and encapsulation
This factory function demonstrates information hiding and encapsulation: 1) The items array is private and inaccessible from outside, 2) It can only be manipulated through the provided methods, 3) This prevents direct manipulation that could break the stack's behavior, 4) It creates a clean API with only intentionally exposed operations, 5) The internal implementation can change without affecting code that uses the stack, 6) This demonstrates how factory functions can create true data encapsulation in JavaScript.
Object pooling
Memoization

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