Hoisting and Execution Context

During the creation phase of an execution context, memory is allocated for variables and the scope chain is created. This phase occurs before code execution and involves several specific steps: 1. Creation of the Variable Environment: JavaScript allocates memory for variables and functions declared in the code. Function declarations are stored in their entirety, while variables declared with `var` are initialized with the value `undefined`. Variables declared with `let` and `const` are hoisted but not initialized (remaining in the temporal dead zone). 2. Creation of the Scope Chain: References to outer environments are established, creating the scope chain that determines variable access. 3. Determining the value of `this`: The value of the `this` keyword is determined based on how the function is called. Only after this creation phase is complete does JavaScript move to the execution phase, where code is actually executed line by line, and variables receive their assigned values. This two-phase process explains behaviors like hoisting, where variables and functions can be accessed before their declarations appear in the code.