Memory Management & Garbage Collection

The primary difference between shallow and deep copying regarding memory usage is: 1) Shallow copying creates a new object but shares references to nested objects with the original, 2) Deep copying creates a completely independent copy, duplicating all nested objects recursively, 3) Shallow copying is more memory-efficient as it reuses existing nested objects, 4) Deep copying consumes more memory as it creates duplicate instances of all nested structures, 5) Shallow copying can lead to unexpected behavior if shared nested objects are modified, 6) Deep copying ensures complete isolation between the original and copied object graphs, 7) The choice between shallow and deep copying depends on whether nested objects need to be shared or isolated, 8) Common shallow copying methods include Object.assign() and the spread operator, while deep copying often uses JSON.parse(JSON.stringify()) or specialized libraries.