CommonJS vs ES Modules

CommonJS and ES Modules handle circular dependencies in distinctly different ways: 1) CommonJS returns a partial (incomplete) copy of exports when encountering a cycle, which can lead to undefined values, 2) ES Modules handle cycles through live bindings and a more sophisticated module initialization system, 3) CommonJS's approach can lead to unexpected behavior if not carefully managed, 4) ES Modules guarantee that cycles work correctly through temporal dead zone rules, 5) ES Modules' static structure makes circular dependencies easier to detect at build time, 6) CommonJS requires careful ordering of exports to handle cycles, 7) ES Modules maintain references instead of copying values, making cycles more predictable.